“The völkisch principle shows itself in its gigantic modern significance once one has grasped it as a variation and progeny of the domination of the sociology of society. Is it an accident that National Socialism has stamped out ‘sociology’ as a term? Why was sociology gladly pursued by Jews and Catholics?” GA 95: 161 (Überlegungen VIII, 39)
Central to Heidegger’s thought was that the social sciences abstracted and obscured the meaning of being. As to why he believed that Jews and Catholics—and not proper-Germans—had some proclivity toward these disciplines is beyond me.
“Reflection—the courage to track one’s own pre-suppositions back to their ground and to interrogate the necessity of the goals one has set. No sooner does one attempt a ‘reflection’ today than it ends in a ‘psychological’-‘characterological’-biological- typological dissection—that is, in a sterile and cheap reduction of beings and ‘life’ to a kind of ‘lived experience’ and its impulses and needs.
One finds it strange that reflection could ask beyond this, about something quite different, about being and its truth and its grounding and lack of grounds—so that reflection as self-reflection would have nothing to do with assessing the underlying grounds of lived experience; the form of this dissection remains even after one has pushed Jewish ‘psychoanalysis’ aside. This form must remain as long as one does not give oneself up as a human being with lived experiences. But until then, reflection in the thinking sense is impossible.” GA 95: 258 (Überlegungen IX, 92)
Heidegger’s phenomenological method reveals that “life,” so long as it is pursued from an objectivizing, theoretical attitude, will remain hidden from view. It is the un-biased, pre-reflective lived moment that will reveal being to beings. Therefore, it is no quantum leap to suggest that Heidegger saw psychoanalysis as a symptom of Jewish modernity, and yet another obfuscation of being.
It is worth noting here that psychoanalysis was knocked from its inception for being too Jewish. For this reason, Freud wanted Carl Jung (an Aryan) to be the poster-child and president of the Vienna Psychoanalytic Society. Early American sentiment on Jews in psychiatry was no different than Germany’s, or the world at large. In the 1920’s at Harvard, there was a policy to accept no more than 10-15% of the Jews who applied[4]. In 1922, the director of admissions at Yale wrote a report entitled, “The Jewish Problem,” being, too many Jews were applying to Yale. Outside of Heidegger’s philosophical quarrels with psychoanalysis, there is nothing unique or original in his distaste for it.
“One should not get all too loudly indignant about the psychoanalysis of the Jew ‘Freud’ if, and as long as, one cannot at all ‘think’ about each and every thing other than by ‘tracing’ everything as an ‘expression’ of ‘life’ back to ‘instincts’ and ‘the atrophy of instinct.’ This way of ‘thinking,’ which in advance excludes all ‘being’ whatsoever, is pure nihilism. ” GA 96: 218 (Überlegungen XIV) (1941?)
Again, the fact that Freud was Jewish is not the issue here. But it is that psychoanalysis itself, as a system for knowing and treating the human psyche, mainly by bringing what is unconscious to the conscious, is a contrivance of being in that the reduction to ‘drives’ or ‘instincts’ are placed above being itself, leaving nothing behind. For Heidegger, this would likely result in an active form of nihilism.
“Why are we recognizing so late that in truth, England is and can be without an Occidental stance? Because only in the future will we grasp that England began to erect the modern world, but according to its essence, modernity is directed to the unfettering of the machination of the entire globe. Even the thought of an agreement with England, in the sense of a division of imperialist ‘jurisdictions,’ does not reach the essence of the historical process that England is now playing out to its end within Americanism and Bolshevism, and this at the same time means within world Jewry. The question of the role of world Jewry is not a racial question, but the metaphysical question about the kind of humanity that, without any restraints, can take over the uprooting of all beings from being as its world-historical ‘task.'” GA 96: 243 (Überlegungen XIV) (1941)
Nazi propaganda fabricated the notion that Jewish financiers were the real puppet masters controlling America. Bolsheviks, according to Nazis, were also a bunch of Jews[5]. It is vague or unclear as to any other connections that Heidegger made between England, the Bolshevik’s, and America to Jews.
The last line in the paragraph above: “The question of the role of world Jewry is not a racial question, but the metaphysical question about the kind of humanity that, without any restraints, can take over the uprooting of all beings from being as its world-historical ‘task,'” seems to be the most damning of all the quotes mentioned thus far. This is taking the groundlessness and worldlessness of Jewry to a new height. There cannot be a worse thing—given what is known about Heidegger’s philosophy—to say that being itself is “uprooted” by the very existence of Jews.
It is here that Jewishness is considered a threat to humanity itself by actively contaminating and destructing other Dasein as its “task.” I asked Polt to offer a comment on this last line and he simply said that it’s “Ugly stuff.” Even the word task in scare quotes, noted Polt, meant that Heidegger did not even recognize the “mission” of Judaism itself as legitimate. Lastly, Polt said, “The only slightly mitigating factor is that Heidegger considers everyone to be worldless and falling short of Dasein. It’s a very bleak view.”
In Sum
As it’s been already been stated, Heidegger’s Nazism has been widely known. The quotes above are only new evidence. What one does or doesn’t do now, or how one should think toward Heidegger, is not to be answered here.
In a chapter of Rudiger Safranski’s biography on Heidegger, “Between Good and Evil (1998),” there is a chapter titled “Is Heidegger anti-Semitic?” So the short, obvious, answer is: yes, but it’s complicated. Philosophy seems to have been okay with this knowledge for the last sixty years, making the call to abandon his work from the western canon a somewhat futile effort.
But what makes the recent headlines sound somewhat conspiratorial is that, according to Polt’s paper, “The three volumes published so far comprise 1,240 pages by Heidegger. By my count, 19 passages refer to Jews or Judaism.” And Polt noted, “These references along with their context easily fit on ten pages.” That is less than one percent of the “Black Notebooks” which contain vitriol aimed toward Jews. Yet, somehow, people are turning what is a miniscule mentioning of Jews to mean that anti-Semitism is at the core of his philosophy.
Moving forward, people will continue to call for a philosophical embargo on Heidegger, while others, still, may try to apologize for him. But for any of us who choose to use Heidegger’s work, I know I often do, then we will certainly have to reconcile with, and maybe even partly own, his troubled history.
Corrections:
1. Karl Jaspers was not Jewish, his wife was. And that is just one reason why Heidegger and Jaspers did not speak for some time.
2. Jaspers was not Heidegger’s student. They were colleagues and professional friends.
3. Husserl was never rector at University of Freiburg. He was given an enforced leave of absence as professor on April 14, 1933. Heidegger was not yet in office.
[1] Safranski, Rüdiger. Martin Heidegger: Between good and evil. Harvard University Press, 1999.
[2] Dermot Moran, Introduction to Phenomenology, p. 499
[3] Safranski, Rüdiger. Martin Heidegger: Between good and evil. Harvard University Press, 1999
[4] Halperin, Edward C. “The Jewish problem in US medical education, 1920-1955.” Journal of the history of medicine and allied sciences 56.2 (2001): 140-167.
[5] “At the same time, the “cunning” of Bolshevist politics comes to light. The Jew Litvinov surfaces again. On his sixtieth birthday, the chief editor of the Moscow paper Izvestia, the well-known communist Radek, wrote the following sentence: “Litvinov has proved that he understands, in the Bolshevik way, how to look for comrades wherever they are to be found, if only for a time.” GA 96: 242 (Überlegungen XIV) (June 1941)